IDE Connector
-Most motherboards have two IDE connectors, which allow two drives to be attached to each connector. One drive is set to master and the other drive is set to slave by using a jumper that is normally located on the back of the drive. This allows a total of four IDE devices, (or drives), to be attached to a typical computer.
Processor Socket
- widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture.
AGP
-(also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
PCI
-is a computer expansion card interface format. It was designed to replace CI, PCI-X (interface card interface) and AGP (graphics card interface). PCIe is based around serial links called lanes.
SATA
-is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a computer and storage devices (like hard disks or optical drives).
South Bridge
-The south bridge is often referred to as the I/O controller. The features of the south bridge change less often than the those of the north bridge. From chipset to chipset, nearly all south bridges have support for integrated sound, LAN and modem, ATA and USB.
Memory
-Memory refer to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information
Thursday, August 23, 2007
IDE Connector
-Most motherboards have two IDE connectors, which allow two drives to be attached to each connector. One drive is set to master and the other drive is set to slave by using a jumper that is normally located on the back of the drive. This allows a total of four IDE devices, (or drives), to be attached to a typical computer.
Processor Socket
- widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture.
AGP
-(also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
PCI
-is a computer expansion card interface format. It was designed to replace CI, PCI-X (interface card interface) and AGP (graphics card interface). PCIe is based around serial links called lanes.
SATA
-is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a computer and storage devices (like hard disks or optical drives).
South Bridge
-The south bridge is often referred to as the I/O controller. The features of the south bridge change less often than the those of the north bridge. From chipset to chipset, nearly all south bridges have support for integrated sound, LAN and modem, ATA and USB.
Memory
-Memory refer to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information
-Most motherboards have two IDE connectors, which allow two drives to be attached to each connector. One drive is set to master and the other drive is set to slave by using a jumper that is normally located on the back of the drive. This allows a total of four IDE devices, (or drives), to be attached to a typical computer.
Processor Socket
- widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture.
AGP
-(also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
PCI
-is a computer expansion card interface format. It was designed to replace CI, PCI-X (interface card interface) and AGP (graphics card interface). PCIe is based around serial links called lanes.
SATA
-is a computer bus primarily designed for transfer of data between a computer and storage devices (like hard disks or optical drives).
South Bridge
-The south bridge is often referred to as the I/O controller. The features of the south bridge change less often than the those of the north bridge. From chipset to chipset, nearly all south bridges have support for integrated sound, LAN and modem, ATA and USB.
Memory
-Memory refer to computer components, devices and recording media that retain digital data used for computing for some interval of time. Computer storage provides one of the core functions of the modern computer, that of information
Wednesday, August 22, 2007
System Unit
SIMMS – Single Inline memory Modules. SIMMs are electronic modules about 10-1/2 centimeters long that sit in slots, usually located on the main system board.
Video Adapter – also called Video Card. This is the interface card installed in the computer that controls and produces video on the monitor.
Motherboard – the main electronic circuit in a PC.
Power Supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan
Sound Board – also called Sound Card. Ttranslates signals from the system board into analog voltage levels, and has terminals to plug in speakers.
CD-Rom Drive - the most common type of removable media, cheap but fragile.
SIMMS – Single Inline memory Modules. SIMMs are electronic modules about 10-1/2 centimeters long that sit in slots, usually located on the main system board.
Video Adapter – also called Video Card. This is the interface card installed in the computer that controls and produces video on the monitor.
Motherboard – the main electronic circuit in a PC.
Power Supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan
Sound Board – also called Sound Card. Ttranslates signals from the system board into analog voltage levels, and has terminals to plug in speakers.
CD-Rom Drive - the most common type of removable media, cheap but fragile.
Printer
Paper Roll - Pieces of paper used for printing.
Roll Cover – Cover use to protect the paper inside.
Power Pack – From electrical plug
Spindle - A pin or rod holding a bobbin or spool on which thread is wound on an automated spinning machine.
Ribbon Cartridge - A case containing a ribbon in a spool, for use in printers and electric typewriters.
Ribbon Cover – Protects the cartridge inside.
Power Switch – turn the printer on/off.
Power Light – Power indicator.
Low Paper Indicator – serve as a sign if the printer is out of paper or low in paper.
Paper Roll - Pieces of paper used for printing.
Roll Cover – Cover use to protect the paper inside.
Power Pack – From electrical plug
Spindle - A pin or rod holding a bobbin or spool on which thread is wound on an automated spinning machine.
Ribbon Cartridge - A case containing a ribbon in a spool, for use in printers and electric typewriters.
Ribbon Cover – Protects the cartridge inside.
Power Switch – turn the printer on/off.
Power Light – Power indicator.
Low Paper Indicator – serve as a sign if the printer is out of paper or low in paper.
KETBOARD
Typewriter Keys - A typewriter is a mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic device with a set of "keys" that, when pressed, cause characters to be printed on a document, usually paper.
The Windows key or Windows logo key (in short WinKey, or rarely Flag key or Menu Key) is a keyboard key originally introduced for the Windows 95 operating system. On keyboards lacking a Windows key, Ctrl+Esc can instead be pressed.
A function key is a key on a computer or terminal keyboard which can be programmed so as to cause an operating system command interpreter or application program to perform certain actions. On some keyboards/computers, function keys may have default actions, accessible on power-on.
Print screen/sysrq - Usually located at the upper right hand corner of your keyboard next to the Scroll Lock and Pause/Break keys. Often abbreviated PrtScr, the Print Screen key is a useful key supported on most PCs.
Arrow keys are buttons on a computer keyboard that move the cursor in a specified direction. They are typically located at the bottom of the keyboard to the side of the numeric keypad, usually arranged in an inverted-T layout but also found in diamond shapes.
Numeric keypad, or numpad for short, is the small, palm-sized, seventeen key section of a computer keyboard, usually on the very far right. The numeric keypad features digits 0 to 9, addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/) symbols, a decimal point (.) and Num Lock and Enter keys.
The Enter key (or the return key) in most cases causes a form or dialog box to operate its default function, which is typically to finish an "entry" and begin the obviously desired process.
Num Lock - If you want to use the numeric keypad on the right end of the keyboard to display numbers, the Num Lock key must be selected (usually a light above the Num Lock will indicate that it is on). If you want to use the keypad to navigate within a document, turn off Num Lock by pressing the key (the light will go off).
Caps Lock - Locks the keyboard in "Capitals" mode (only applies to Alpha keys). The Caps Lock key should be used with caution. Using ALL CAPS is a usability no-no as many have difficulty scanning text that is ALL CAPS. Also, when sending email in all caps, this could be misconstrued as shouting at someone.
The Scroll Lock key is a remnant from the original IBM PC keyboard. In the original design, Scroll Lock was intended to modify the behavior of the arrow keys. When the scroll lock mode was on, the arrow keys would scroll the contents of a text window instead of moving the cursor.
Typewriter Keys - A typewriter is a mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic device with a set of "keys" that, when pressed, cause characters to be printed on a document, usually paper.
The Windows key or Windows logo key (in short WinKey, or rarely Flag key or Menu Key) is a keyboard key originally introduced for the Windows 95 operating system. On keyboards lacking a Windows key, Ctrl+Esc can instead be pressed.
A function key is a key on a computer or terminal keyboard which can be programmed so as to cause an operating system command interpreter or application program to perform certain actions. On some keyboards/computers, function keys may have default actions, accessible on power-on.
Print screen/sysrq - Usually located at the upper right hand corner of your keyboard next to the Scroll Lock and Pause/Break keys. Often abbreviated PrtScr, the Print Screen key is a useful key supported on most PCs.
Arrow keys are buttons on a computer keyboard that move the cursor in a specified direction. They are typically located at the bottom of the keyboard to the side of the numeric keypad, usually arranged in an inverted-T layout but also found in diamond shapes.
Numeric keypad, or numpad for short, is the small, palm-sized, seventeen key section of a computer keyboard, usually on the very far right. The numeric keypad features digits 0 to 9, addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*) and division (/) symbols, a decimal point (.) and Num Lock and Enter keys.
The Enter key (or the return key) in most cases causes a form or dialog box to operate its default function, which is typically to finish an "entry" and begin the obviously desired process.
Num Lock - If you want to use the numeric keypad on the right end of the keyboard to display numbers, the Num Lock key must be selected (usually a light above the Num Lock will indicate that it is on). If you want to use the keypad to navigate within a document, turn off Num Lock by pressing the key (the light will go off).
Caps Lock - Locks the keyboard in "Capitals" mode (only applies to Alpha keys). The Caps Lock key should be used with caution. Using ALL CAPS is a usability no-no as many have difficulty scanning text that is ALL CAPS. Also, when sending email in all caps, this could be misconstrued as shouting at someone.
The Scroll Lock key is a remnant from the original IBM PC keyboard. In the original design, Scroll Lock was intended to modify the behavior of the arrow keys. When the scroll lock mode was on, the arrow keys would scroll the contents of a text window instead of moving the cursor.
MOTHER BOARD
Universal Serial Bus (USB) - a serial bus standard to interface devices. A major component in the legacy-free PC, USB was designed to allow peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket, to improve plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer (hot swapping). Other convenient features include powering low-consumption devices without the need for an external power supply and allowing some devices to be used without requiring individual device drivers to be installed.Parallel Port - a type of socket found on personal computers for interfacing with various peripherals. It is also known as a printer port or Centronics port. The IEEE 1284 standard defines the bi-directional version of the port.CPU socket (or CPU slot) - widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture.Accelerated Graphics Port (also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) - a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. AGP is often referred to as a 'bus'; however, this is a misnomer - a single AGP controller is only capable of controlling a single device. This is the main reason that almost all mainboards have only a single AGP slot, although motherboards have been built with multiple independent AGP slots. AGP is currently being phased out in favor of PCI Express.Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (in practice almost always shortened to PCI), specifies a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. These devices can take any one of the following forms:Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) - a major class of integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in chips such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.IDE Controller - is primarily used to refer to devices for connecting SCSI, Fibre Channel and eSATA devices, but devices for connecting to IDE, ESCON, Ethernet, FireWire, USB and other systems may also be called host adapters. Recently, the advent of iSCSI has brought about Ethernet HBAs, some including TCP Offload Engines.Memory Slot – use to store or install the Random access memory (RAM), a type of data storage used in computers. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order — that is, at random and without the physical movement of the storage medium or a physical reading head.Floppy Disk Controller (FDC) is a special-purpose chip and associated circuitry that directs and controls reading from and writing to a computer's floppy disk drive (FDD). This article contains concepts common to FDCs based on the NEC µPD765 and Intel 82072A and their descendants, as used in the IBM PC and compatibles from the 1980s and 1990s. The concepts may or may not be applicable to, or illustrative of, other controllers or architectures.Computer Fan Plug-in – a slot used to connect the computer fan. Computer Fan can be any fan inside a computer case used for cooling purposes, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component. The use of fans and/or other hardware to cool a computer is sometimes referred to as active cooling.Power Supply Plug-in – is a slot where the source of power is plugged. Power Supply(sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) - a serial bus standard to interface devices. A major component in the legacy-free PC, USB was designed to allow peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket, to improve plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer (hot swapping). Other convenient features include powering low-consumption devices without the need for an external power supply and allowing some devices to be used without requiring individual device drivers to be installed.Parallel Port - a type of socket found on personal computers for interfacing with various peripherals. It is also known as a printer port or Centronics port. The IEEE 1284 standard defines the bi-directional version of the port.CPU socket (or CPU slot) - widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture.Accelerated Graphics Port (also called Advanced Graphics Port, often shortened to AGP) - a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. AGP is often referred to as a 'bus'; however, this is a misnomer - a single AGP controller is only capable of controlling a single device. This is the main reason that almost all mainboards have only a single AGP slot, although motherboards have been built with multiple independent AGP slots. AGP is currently being phased out in favor of PCI Express.Peripheral Component Interconnect, or PCI Standard (in practice almost always shortened to PCI), specifies a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to a computer motherboard. These devices can take any one of the following forms:Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) - a major class of integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in chips such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.IDE Controller - is primarily used to refer to devices for connecting SCSI, Fibre Channel and eSATA devices, but devices for connecting to IDE, ESCON, Ethernet, FireWire, USB and other systems may also be called host adapters. Recently, the advent of iSCSI has brought about Ethernet HBAs, some including TCP Offload Engines.Memory Slot – use to store or install the Random access memory (RAM), a type of data storage used in computers. It takes the form of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order — that is, at random and without the physical movement of the storage medium or a physical reading head.Floppy Disk Controller (FDC) is a special-purpose chip and associated circuitry that directs and controls reading from and writing to a computer's floppy disk drive (FDD). This article contains concepts common to FDCs based on the NEC µPD765 and Intel 82072A and their descendants, as used in the IBM PC and compatibles from the 1980s and 1990s. The concepts may or may not be applicable to, or illustrative of, other controllers or architectures.Computer Fan Plug-in – a slot used to connect the computer fan. Computer Fan can be any fan inside a computer case used for cooling purposes, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component. The use of fans and/or other hardware to cool a computer is sometimes referred to as active cooling.Power Supply Plug-in – is a slot where the source of power is plugged. Power Supply(sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
*HARD DRIVE
Read/Write Heads
A hard disk drive usually has one read/write head for each platter side, and these heads are connected, or ganged, on a single movement mechanism. The heads, therefore, move across the platters in unison.
Mechanically, read/write heads are simple. Each head is on an actuator arm that is spring-loaded to force the head into a platter. Few people realize that each platter actually is "squeezed" by the heads above and below it. If you could open a drive safely and lift the top head with your finger, the head would snap back into the platter when you released it. If you could pull down on one of the heads below a platter, the spring tension would cause it to snap back up into the platter when you released it.
Figure 1-2 shows a typical hard disk head-actuator assembly from a voice-coil drive.
Ribbon Cables
Ribbon cables are designed to be used in the installation of internal floppy and hard drives. MCC features a wide variety of high quality ribbon cables from standard floppy drive cables to the latest Ultra ATA IDE ribbon cables.
Our flat computer ribbon cables work with all IDE and EIDE devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs), CD-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives, DVD Burners and CD-RW drives.
Hard Disk Platters
Larger hard drives that have 8-inch, 14-inch, or even larger platters are available, but these drives typically have not been associated with PC systems. Currently, the 3 1/2-inch drives are the most popular for desktop and some portable systems, whereas the 2 1/2-inch and smaller drives are very popular in portable or notebook systems. These little drives are fairly amazing, with current capacities of up to 1GB or more, and capacities of 20GB are expected by the year 2000. Imagine carrying a notebook computer around with a built-in 20GB drive. It will happen sooner than you think! Due to their small size, these drives are extremely rugged; they can withstand rough treatment that would have destroyed most desktop drives a few years ago.
Spindle Motors
The motor that spins the platters is called the spindle motor because it is connected to the spindle around which the platters revolve. Spindle motors in hard disks always are connected directly; no belts or gears are used. The motors must be free of noise and vibration; otherwise, they transmit to the platters a rumble that could disrupt reading and writing operations.
Head Actuator Mechanisms
Possibly more important than the heads themselves is the mechanical system that moves them: the head actuator. This mechanism moves the heads across the disk and positions them accurately above the desired cylinder. Many variations on head actuator mechanisms are in use, but all of them can be categorized as being one of two basic types:
• Stepper motor actuators
• Voice-coil actuators
The use of one or the other type of positioner has profound effects on a drive's performance and reliability. The effect is not limited to speed; it also includes accuracy, sensitivity to temperature, position, vibration, and overall reliability. To put it bluntly, a drive equipped with a stepper motor actuator is much less reliable (by a large factor) than a drive equipped with a voice-coil actuator.
Read/Write Heads
A hard disk drive usually has one read/write head for each platter side, and these heads are connected, or ganged, on a single movement mechanism. The heads, therefore, move across the platters in unison.
Mechanically, read/write heads are simple. Each head is on an actuator arm that is spring-loaded to force the head into a platter. Few people realize that each platter actually is "squeezed" by the heads above and below it. If you could open a drive safely and lift the top head with your finger, the head would snap back into the platter when you released it. If you could pull down on one of the heads below a platter, the spring tension would cause it to snap back up into the platter when you released it.
Figure 1-2 shows a typical hard disk head-actuator assembly from a voice-coil drive.
Ribbon Cables
Ribbon cables are designed to be used in the installation of internal floppy and hard drives. MCC features a wide variety of high quality ribbon cables from standard floppy drive cables to the latest Ultra ATA IDE ribbon cables.
Our flat computer ribbon cables work with all IDE and EIDE devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs), CD-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives, DVD Burners and CD-RW drives.
Hard Disk Platters
Larger hard drives that have 8-inch, 14-inch, or even larger platters are available, but these drives typically have not been associated with PC systems. Currently, the 3 1/2-inch drives are the most popular for desktop and some portable systems, whereas the 2 1/2-inch and smaller drives are very popular in portable or notebook systems. These little drives are fairly amazing, with current capacities of up to 1GB or more, and capacities of 20GB are expected by the year 2000. Imagine carrying a notebook computer around with a built-in 20GB drive. It will happen sooner than you think! Due to their small size, these drives are extremely rugged; they can withstand rough treatment that would have destroyed most desktop drives a few years ago.
Spindle Motors
The motor that spins the platters is called the spindle motor because it is connected to the spindle around which the platters revolve. Spindle motors in hard disks always are connected directly; no belts or gears are used. The motors must be free of noise and vibration; otherwise, they transmit to the platters a rumble that could disrupt reading and writing operations.
Head Actuator Mechanisms
Possibly more important than the heads themselves is the mechanical system that moves them: the head actuator. This mechanism moves the heads across the disk and positions them accurately above the desired cylinder. Many variations on head actuator mechanisms are in use, but all of them can be categorized as being one of two basic types:
• Stepper motor actuators
• Voice-coil actuators
The use of one or the other type of positioner has profound effects on a drive's performance and reliability. The effect is not limited to speed; it also includes accuracy, sensitivity to temperature, position, vibration, and overall reliability. To put it bluntly, a drive equipped with a stepper motor actuator is much less reliable (by a large factor) than a drive equipped with a voice-coil actuator.
Tuesday, July 24, 2007
Components of a Computer System: * The hardware components of a computer system are the electronic and mechanical parts. -the physical component of a computer system* The software components of a computer system are the intangible parts: the data and the computer programs. -the program or the instruction that used to tell computer how to perform its task The major hardware components of a computer system are: 1.Processor 2.Main memory 3.Secondary memory 4.Input devices 5.Output devices__The processor, main memory, secondary memory, and power supply are inside the systems unit. The systems unit is the metal case and its contents that is often called "the computer". Attached to the systems unit are various input devices (such as the keyboard) and output devices (such as the monitor). The systems unit holds the main circuit board of the computer, called the motherboard which many of the other components plug into. The power supply supplies power for most of the components.
Thursday, July 19, 2007
Hello World, Hello Philippines
My Name is John Kenneth A. Regalado, my nickname is ken and i grew up in Maitum Saranggani Province and i was born on october 14, 1989, i finished highschool at Notre Dame Of Maitum, then i college at Notre Dame of Dadiangas University(NDDU), and taking up Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. Then After that i'd Transferred here in Davao City at AMACC and taking up Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. And i'm happy to be I.T student because i will help my parents and my future Family someday.^_^
#include
int main ()
{
int X,Y, i=5;
Y=1;
X=2;
while (X >=1)
do {
for (i = 0;i < 5;i++)
switch (i) {
case 1: Y = X + 7; break;
case 2: X = Y + 8;
case 4: X = X - Y; break;
default:X = X + Y;
Y = Y + X;
printf( " X is %d\n" , X);
printf( " Y is %d\n" , Y);
}
printf( "X is %d\n" , X);
printf( "Y is %d\n" , Y);
}
while (Y < 5);
getche ();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT;
X is 3
Y is 4
X is 18
Y is 28
X is -10
Y is 28
int main ()
{
int X,Y, i=5;
Y=1;
X=2;
while (X >=1)
do {
for (i = 0;i < 5;i++)
switch (i) {
case 1: Y = X + 7; break;
case 2: X = Y + 8;
case 4: X = X - Y; break;
default:X = X + Y;
Y = Y + X;
printf( " X is %d\n" , X);
printf( " Y is %d\n" , Y);
}
printf( "X is %d\n" , X);
printf( "Y is %d\n" , Y);
}
while (Y < 5);
getche ();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT;
X is 3
Y is 4
X is 18
Y is 28
X is -10
Y is 28
Tuesday, July 17, 2007
Desktop PCs
all types of non-portable computer
Once upon a time they were 'IBM compatibles'. Now they're just PCs, although we're mostly concerned with the Intel/AMD/Cyrix/etc. varieties here. Desktops PCs are covered here, for consumers, SMEs and corporates. Do you really need 5GHz to do the accounts?
Tuesday, July 10, 2007
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software, consisting of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically designed for. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
Computer software, consisting of programs, enables a computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to its physical components (hardware) which can only do the tasks they are mechanically designed for. The term includes application software such as word processors which perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to run the necessary services for user-interfaces and applications, and middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. Firmware is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as read-only memory (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft").
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